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多措并举着力扩大国内需求******

  作者:任晓刚(北京市习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员)

  近日,中共中央、国务院印发《扩大内需战略规划纲要(2022—2035年)》,进一步明确了坚定实施扩大内需战略、培育完整内需体系的发展方向,释放出夯实国内基本盘、打造内需新动力的发展信号,为推动经济发展加速回到正常轨道、实现整体性好转提供了重要抓手。

  坚定实施扩大内需战略、培育完整内需体系,是加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局的必然选择,是促进我国长远发展和长治久安的战略决策。党的二十大报告明确提出,要把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来,增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性,提升国际循环质量和水平。当前,多措并举扩大国内需求,具有重大意义。

  首先,畅通、拓宽、稳固劳动力收入渠道和路径,提振消费信心、增强消费意愿。通过深化劳动力市场化一体化体制改革,畅通劳动力和专业技术人才社会性流动渠道,能够促进区域间、城乡间、行业间要素流动,并加快完善本地劳动力输出服务保障体系,提高劳动力工资收入水平。同时,要培育新型农业经营主体优势,促进农业适度规模经营、提升农业生产效率,加大对农村劳动力创新创业帮扶力度,增加农村经营性收入。

  其次,提高产品和服务质量,推动消费扩量增质。党的二十大后的首个中央经济工作会议指出,要把恢复和扩大消费摆在优先位置。恢复和扩大消费的前提就是要改善消费基础条件。一方面,要提高居民消费基础设施产品和服务供给水平和能力,夯实居民消费基础。通过加大城乡基本公共服务供给,促进城乡基本公共服务均等化。不断加大乡村教育、医疗卫生服务体系、社会保障、社会性基础设施建设支持力度,提高乡村基本公共服务供给保障能力。另一方面,推动传统产业和新兴产业深度融合发展,实现产业链价值链创新链提质换挡,在更好满足消费结构升级需求的同时,推动消费结构、投资结构不断升级。要发挥传统产业规模大、配套齐全、消费带动力强等优势,夯实消费需求主力军地位。同时,深入推进计算机、云计算、大数据、区块链、物联网等新一代信息通信技术向制造业、战略性新兴产业广泛渗透,加快推动制造业企业、高新技术企业及其他企业数字化转型发展,实现制造业、战略性新兴产业智能化、数字化、绿色化发展,着力实现消费与投资的结构升级。

  再次,推动供给侧需求侧结构升级,释放巨大国内需求潜力。要把握好新一轮科技革命和产业变革的历史机遇,建立健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制,破解“卡脖子”难题,完善基础研究、应用研究的投入体制机制,加快新能源、人工智能、数字技术、绿色低碳、量子计算等前沿技术研发与产业化应用,培育一批面向光伏、新能源汽车、能源循环利用、污染防治等的战略性新兴产业,创造新消费和投资需求,释放巨大国内需求潜力。与此同时,通过发展消费新模式,推动线上线下消费深度融合,满足多样化消费需求。完善有关新能源汽车消费、光伏产业补贴政策,加大新兴产业消费投资力度。加快补齐农村和城市流通体系短板,发展农村电商和物流快递配送,加强农产品仓储保鲜设施建设,畅通工业品下乡、农产品进城渠道,促进产销高效对接。

  此外,进一步扩大国内投资规模和强度,持续激发国内经济增长潜力。通过加快实施“十四五”重大工程,发挥基建投资在阶段性稳增长中的重要作用。同时统筹中央、地方政府财力,加大中央转移支付力度、鼓励地方积极筹措资金,实施更加积极高效财政政策和更为灵活便捷货币政策开展基础设施投资,向民生补短板领域项目倾斜,并加强对科技创新、产业链供应链安全、绿色发展、乡村振兴等领域的财政支出倾斜力度。

  要实施好以工代赈、政府购买等重要工程项目,以重点工程项目投资吸纳当地群众就业,充分发挥其重要载体作用。一方面,增加政府投资重点工程项目数额,提高政府投资额度,尽可能多地通过实施以工代赈增加有效投资规模。另一方面,围绕新一代信息化基础设施建设、城市更新、乡村振兴等重要领域,充分挖掘相关项目主体投资潜力。在此基础上,通过延续实施扶持制造业、小微企业和个体工商户的减税降费和贷款贴息政策,延续普惠小微企业贷款延期还本付息政策和信用贷款支持计划等措施,鼓励和吸引更多民间资本参与国家重大工程和补短板项目建设,持续推动民营企业高质量发展,保护市场主体、激发市场主体活力。

  《光明日报》( 2023年01月12日 02版)

中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

  资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

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